John Fitzgerald Kennedy

At a relatively young age of forty-three, John Fitzgerald Kennedy took the oath of office as the president of the United States of America. Handsome, with a friendly face that projected a sense of assurance and with a beautiful wife by his side, JFK, as he was popularly known, captured the imagination of the American nation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on John Fitzgerald Kennedy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He came across as a dedicated family man, a loyal husband, and a proud father. Prior to his inauguration in 1961, he had supposedly authored a bestselling book that won him the much-coveted Pulitzer Prize. His bravery and life-saving acts as a marine officer after his ship was sunk during the World War II, was an example of his courage, selfless attitude, and patriotism. In his brief, if not ephemeral, presidency, the United States’ economy grew considerably and the unemployment rate was at accepta ble low single digit levels. His inaugural speech was a study in optimism, and it stirred a sense of patriotism and hope in Americans, urging them to offer themselves for their country and not wait for their country to offer something to them. Nevertheless, President Kennedy fails the test of historical analysis, which is the ultimate test of a leader’s credibility. However, beyond the rhetoric and carefully projected media image, laid a President J. F Kennedy that many Americans, who freely adored would find questionable, and even revolting. His career as a politician from his days as a congressman and senator indicate that, he was mostly absent from the house, gave very few speeches, and participated in few debates of national significance. His alleged authorship of the Pulitzer Prize winning book, Profiles in Courage, cannot be ascertained, and many critics and historians agree that his participation in the actual writing and research of the content of the book was negligi ble. Therefore, his claim of authorship and the subsequent awards given are invalid. President Kennedy’s love of women was legendary. J.F Kennedy engaged in numerous extra-marital affairs that sometimes put the country’s security at risk. Some of the many women that had access to the president were hardly vetted by the Secret Service, which put the president at risk of blackmail. His narrow victory in the presidential election – with slightly over 100,000 votes, has been attributed to the help of some Mafia elements within the City of Chicago and the wider Illinois State. President Kennedy’s dalliance with the Mafia, thus, exposed him to even greater risk of exploitation, and there is documented evidence of his secret communication with known mob Bosses such as Sam Giancana (Hersh 45). His appointment of his brother as Attorney General also had a hint of nepotism.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first p aper with 15% OFF Learn More In light of the above evidence of President Kennedy’s lack of positive moral persuasion, he is a figure not to be revered as has happened so much after his death, but to be reviled. Many Americans, as shown in many polls, consistently regard President Kennedy as one of America’s greatest Presidents. Together with Abraham Lincoln, President Kennedy continuously polls as the greatest ever president. As a symbol of youth and optimism throughout his presidency, his tragic assassination traumatized the American public that looked forward to many more years with the ‘perfect’ and picturesque Kennedy family at the White house. His death signalled a sad moment in the American history, with both supporters and opponents alike, wondering ‘what might have been’ had President Kennedy lived out his full term of office, and maybe even won a second term. The national outpouring of sympathy was impartial, and the figure o f his brave widow and children at his burial service has remained forever etched in the minds of most Americans. Waves of sympathy and condolences came not only from within America, but also worldwide. His death gave rise to many conspiracies concerning his killers, and to this very day, many theories abound regarding the motives behind his assassination. In light of the circumstances surrounding his brief presidency and his sudden death in the hands of an assassin, (purportedly Lee Harvey Ostwald), the subsequent analysis of his presidency, character, and policies were bound to be heavily partial. To paint the fallen president in a bad light would amount to re-opening the healing national wounds wrought by his sudden assassination. Very few publications focused on the multitude of President Kennedy’s moral and political transgressions while in office and prior as a senator and congressional representative. Kitty Kelley, who is famed for digging up the secrets of famous perso nalities and prominent families, was one of the earliest writers to attempt to bring to light President Kennedy’s moral failings. She highlighted the case of Judith Exner, who had previously revealed her longstanding eighteen-month affair with President Kennedy in the years 1960-61. As a Roman Catholic, President Kennedy is the only president in the US history to profess the Catholic faith. Although many viewed his religion as an indicator of his positive moral standing, he hardly practiced the teachings of his faith. Many of his actions were in complete contravention of the tenets of the catholic faith. His wife once remarked to a reporter that, it was ironic that, during the presidential campaigns, people were focusing on her husband’s faith yet he hardly practiced it (Massa 308).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on John Fitzgerald Kennedy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Painfully aware of her husba nd’s philandering ways, Jacqueline Kennedy, his wife, was left to uphold the image of the first family in a positive light. In his book, The Dark Side of Camelot, published in 1997, investigative journalist, Seymour Hersh, depicts President Kennedy’s numerous adulterous relationships and portrays him as a serial womanizer (p18). Hersh alleges that the President was even once married to Miss Durie Malcolm, and thus in marrying Jacqueline Kennedy, he had committed bigamy. According Hersh, although President Kennedy publicly portrayed himself as an ambassador of peace, his administration, in partnership with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), was guilty of assassinations of leaders of sovereign countries. For instance, Hersh declares that the President was fully aware of the CIA’s plot to eliminate Patrice Lumumba of the Congo, and Lumumba’s eventual death can be traced to President Kennedy’s approval. The CIA was also intensively involved in the campaign to eliminate Cuba’s Fidel Castro, and both President Kennedy and Attorney General, Robert Kennedy, were the prime movers of the idea. President Kennedy was always portrayed as fit, and he appeared so, but according to Thomas C. Reeves, he was plagued by a multitude of diseases throughout his lifetime. In his 1991 book, A question of Character: A life of John F. Kennedy, Reeves portrays the president to have had two personalities: the one he projected in public, and a private one. Publicly, the president came across as an affable and astute, but his private life was anything but what many people thought. Reeves asserts that, not only was President Kennedy a lazy person, but also was one of the most philandering presidents to have occupied the White House. He asserts the notion that the president did not author his Pulitzer Prize winning book, Profiles in Courage, and was a beneficiary of the work of his subordinates. Reeves further states that, the 1960 presidential e lection was tainted by fraud facilitated by the Chicago mafia bosses (77). The office of the President of the United States is the highest political office of the strongest and mightiest nation on earth. In and of itself, the office demands a certain level of respect and reverence. Therefore, the cavalier manner in which President Kennedy perceived the high office of the US Chief executive diminished the status of the office. His careless amoral acts, including his hedonistic pursuits inside and outside the walls of the oval office depict a President who did not take his role and title seriously.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According Victor Lasky, President Kennedy’s public profile deferred sharply with his private profile. In his book, J.F.K.: the Man and the Myth, Lasky expounds on the various malpractices by President Kennedy, and he is one of the earliest critics of the president having published his book in 1963. Lasky asserts that, the American public only saw the president as a capable and morally upright man due to efforts by his handlers to project this mythical image (27). The true President Kennedy was reckless and opportunistic and continuously placed the American nation at a high security risk due to his careless dalliance with many call girls and mafia bosses. As the United States and the Soviet Union engaged in the early tensions that characterised the onset of the Cold War, President Kennedy’s flirtations with call girls, who did not receive security clearance from the Secret Service, could very well have exposed him to a situation of blackmail by elements from the Soviet Union. In conclusion, President John F Kennedy’s legacy does not deserve reverence. As stated earlier, some positives came out of his brief stay as America’s chief executive. The economy grew by folds, and the levels of unemployment were low. President Kennedy’s impressive speech delivery skills inspired millions across the United States and the world. For a while, Americans begun to believe in the possibilities of a peaceful and prosperous nation envisioned by the nation’s founding fathers. For instance, after President Kennedy signed the nuclear non-proliferation treaty with the Soviet Union, the world was able to overcome the fears of a possible nuclear war. However, the above-mentioned positives count for little when juxtaposed against President Kennedy’s personal and political failures and transgressions. He fails the test of historical analysis, which is the ultimate test of a leader’s credibility. His absenteeism from the Congress and the senate throughout his career as a legislator points to a politician not keen on his work. His philandering ways put the entire nation at risk and left his wife feeling ashamed and abandoned. He developed various diseases, as a result. His dalliance with the mafia denigrated the high office of the president. Even though Kennedy may have made some modest accomplishments in his presidency, one cannot help but wonder how much more he could have achieved if he had forgone the many unnecessary pleasures he sought. His enormous potential was stifled by his own lifestyle choice, and the American people were denied the complete potential of his presidency, not by an assassin’s bullet, but by the president’s own carefree moral attitude and hedonistic pursuits. Works Cited Hersh, Seymour. The Dark Side of Camelot. London: Harper Collins, 1997. Lasky, Victor. J.F.K: The Man and the Myth. New York: Macmillan Publishers, 1963. Massa, Mark S. â€Å"A Catholic for president?: Jo hn F. Kennedy and the `secular’ theology of the Houston speech, 1960.† Journal of Church State 39.2 (1997): 307-331. Reeves, Thomas C. A Question of Character: A Life of John F Kennedy. New York: Free Press, 1991. This essay on John Fitzgerald Kennedy was written and submitted by user Swarm to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Expressionism and Realism in Death of a Salesman Essay Example

Expressionism and Realism in Death of a Salesman Essay Example Expressionism and Realism in Death of a Salesman Essay Expressionism and Realism in Death of a Salesman Essay Essay Topic: Death Of a Salesman Expressionism and Realism in Death of a Salesman Death of a salesman is a play written by Arthur Miller in the year 1949. The entire plot it told from the perspective of the protagonist Willy Loman. As the last name alludes, Willy has never accomplished anything in his life and now is at the very end of it where he still hopes of making it big in the world. He is 63 years old and has the mind of a child. Willy literally lives in the glory days of the past where his mind tends to switch back and forth, from the present to the past. From his name we learn how the reader is hanging on a cliff to see Willy â€Å"will he do it†. And His last name gives the feeling of him being a low man, someone low on the social ladder and unlikely to succeed. He alternates between different perceptions of his life. Willy seems childlike and relies on others for support, even though he pretends to refuse the help given by his brother Ben when he’s asked to go to Africa. But in the end he fails to accomplish anything at all. Expressionism is defined as a style of play in which the playwright seeks to express emotional experience through their work. Miller uses many motifs to show this, such as in the very beginning where the flute is played but even though Willy hears it he’s really not aware of it. This imparts to the reader a major characteristic of Willy. It is of the absent minded life that he leads. The flute is one of the many musical motifs in the play such as an indirect reference to Willy’s father. Also music is linked to many tragic elements and events which are present. Biff whistling in the elevator leads him to lose his job. In the past Willy has an affair with another women, when Biff finds this out their relationship sours. The appearance of the women who Willy has been having an affair with is introduced with sensual music. Willy’s wife Linda also has the habit of constantly humming; this appears as tragic because in order to escape the tensions of her life she developed this habit. Realism is defined as tendency to reveal or describe things as they are actually experienced. It attempts to capture real people doing everyday things. There is not much room for imagination because the author tends to revel what he sees in life. The events are sometimes connectable with that of every day man. The novel is set place in the 1930’s during the Great economic depression which hit the United Sates. But more than the historical backdrop the common struggle for money is faced by all. Willy who works with a firm which fools him, refuses to pay him and in the end fires him after all he put in is a everyday experience. Willy wants his children to have a better life than he did so his decision to end his life so that Biff and Happy may have money is an extreme but an possible one in society. Biff and Willly drift apart as time goes by; this is because their ideas of happiness are completely different. Willy viewed success as achieving money and power; Biff however viewed success in life as being happy and doing what he loved which is working and tilling the land and accomplishing something with his own hands. Many times the parent’s view of success is far different from the kind of success that the child sees. The seeds which Willy buys are an important part of the play . Willy is constantly troubled by the thought if he has raised his sons well. He worries that as a father he will be unable to provide for them. There are times Willy says Nothing’s planted. I don’t have a thing in the ground. This is an allusion to the belief that he has within himself that he has done nothing to provide for his sons. There is times where we see Willy regret his affair for example when he sees Linda stitching her old stockings. He is reminded of how during his affair he gave many stocking to the nameless women, and becomes guilt ridden that he can’t provide for his wife now. There are further events which use more of these two elements. As far as the setting is concerned, when we see the room of Willy and Linda, it becomes obvious that only the needs of Willy is taken in to concern. Willy’s room contains only bed, chair and shelf holding Biff’s trophy, no items of Linda’s are shown. Much like Ahab’s white whale, realism is seen as the unachievable dream for Willy. No matter how hard he tries to achieve this it has long been a lost cause. In the end the protagonist realizes that his life has been an failure and that he doesn’t want the same to happen to his sons. They are both travelling down a path which will only end in failure. In order to avoid this Willy takes his own life so that he may be able to give the insurance money to his sons. Here is a time where we see one action fulfilling both of the elements. For as Willy takes his life then he shows how much he loves his sons and how desperate he has become. His family was doing their best to survive from day to day. This is seen at many grass root levels of any society. Many people of our society live in denial as to cover up the worry that’s building up inside. Every time they feel they are getting ahead financially, a problem occurs and they find themselves right back where they started. Most people also have to deal with problems and conflicts within their family throughout their life.

Roles of a Project Manager Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Roles of a Project Manager - Research Paper Example Most of the literature acknowledges the role of the project as a communicator. The project manager tells project members what the goals of the project are as well as the outcomes of the project. The project managers are also leaders of their team members. They define the responsibilities and roles of each person, builds trust and redefines the purpose of the project when need arises. Managing is also an indispensable part of carrying out project work. These persons negotiate, handle multiple projects, reward employees and even use technical components (cost management or material procurement) to preside over work. Once these roles are well defined and executed, a project manager may be deemed successful. Project managers are some of the most time-bound and pressure-driven professionals in the economy. They need to work with team members who come from different parts of the organization and could even be geographically distant. They have to work with limited budgets and for only a certain period of time. Therefore, proper handling of their roles is essential in bringing out the best in their activities. Project managers’ roles are a tough balancing act between the internal and external environment of the organization, as will be discussed in this paper. It is clear that most of the literature acknowledges the role of the project as a communicator. The project manager tells project members what the goals of the project are as well as its outcomes. Communication is critical at the beginning, in the middle and towards the end of a project. In this regard, an effective communicator is one who clarifies his expectations about the project to the participants. Sometimes, a project may not deliver the perceived outcomes because expectations were not clearly defined. One must take the time to involve as many people as possible (Anantatmula 16). Communication is particularly difficult when a project

Key Characteriscics for Effective Leadership Essay

Key Characteriscics for Effective Leadership - Essay Example To be effective, a leader must possess certain characteristics that can bring people together and harness the potentials of these people to execute an activity of series of activities successfully. If the leader does not know how to set his or her organization in the right direction, the organization will not be productive and when an organization is not productive, its people will eventually leave (Blanchard et al 2005). A misguided organization may not even survive in a very competitive environment thus, it is very important for a leader to know how to direct its people and stay in the right course. In today’s business environment, every organization needs the right kind of leader to stay alive and productive in a highly competitive environment. Understanding the nature of leadership by identifying the desirable traits of effective leaders is very important. For the purpose of this essay, we will evaluate the different successful leaders in our modern times to identify the characteristics that made them effective leaders in their fields. To go about these tasks, we will take a look at the work of Jack Welch of General Electric Inc, Steve Jobs of Apple Inc and Bill Gates of Microsoft. General Electric Inc is one of the top companies worldwide and its journey towards the top has been the lifework of its former Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Jack Welch. On the other hand, Apple Inc and Microsoft have both revolutionized the world of computers and gadgets in the past decades. In order for a company to move forward and in the right direction, it needs to attract the right kind of leaders to run its affairs. According to Drucker (1967), characteristics of leaders may differ but they always get the right things done and in doing their jobs, these people also utilize their time effectively, organize their tasks according to priorities, focus on the contribution of

Answer questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Answer questions - Assignment Example The general solutions that Swift recommends include; giving out ten repine, which is the charge of nursing a beggar’s child. The individuals he names as the donors of money are the cottagers, laborers, and four-fifths of the farmers. He also recommends that the underprivileged should be dressed skin that is artificial and the suitable person responsible for this plan is Dublin (Swift). The advantages Swift observes in his plan is that, it will reduce the number of papists, poor tenants will have something valuable of their own, country’s stock will be increased by fifty thousand per year, the food would likewise bring great custom to taverns, and lastly, it will be a great inducement to marriage (Swift). Others include the addition of thousand carcasses in the exportation of barreled beef and the enhancement of the art of making good bacon. The clues showing that Swift is not serious about his proposal is when he confesses that he is not ready in endeavoring to promote his plans and recommendations of assisting the underprivileged. He also claims that he has no children; hence, has no need to propose and request for a single penny, and his wife cannot bear children any longer

Insulin Production From Genetically Modified Bacteria Biology Essay

Insulin Production From Genetically Modified Bacteria Biology Essay In the 1970s people suffering from diabetes mellitus used insulin from cattle pigs, but this was expensive time consuming. Moreover insulin from other animals was not exactly as same as those in humans, causing many side-effects. Also many people were against the use of animal insulin for ethical or religious reasons. This problem had to be solved in 1970s biotechnological companies began working of genetically modifying a bacterium to produce insulin by insertion of a human gene. many different methods were tried tested, then finally in the early 1980s they suceeded, this was agreat achievement in the science world. the procedure was as follows :- Isolation of insulin gene insulin is a small protein . the first challenge was to isloate the insulin gene from the rest of the DNA in the human cell. But there was a problem doing so directly, instead the mRNA carrying the code for synthesizing insulin was extracted from the cells in the pancreas that produces insulin, called B-cells. then the mRNA was left in incubation with reverse transcriptase, reverse transcriptase is a special retrovirus, it does the opposite of transcription i.e codes for DNA from RNA, this newly coded DNA is called complimentary DNA or simply cDNA. at first single stranded molecules were formed, which then turned in double helix. these DNA molecules carried the code for human insulin. these DNA molecules then needed to be stuck to other DNA strands, so they were given sticky ends by adding lenghts of single stranded DNA made up of guanine nucleotide to each end using enzyymes. insertion of gene into a vector for the human insulin gene to be inserted into a bacterium, there has to be an intermediate carrier of the gene called a vector this was a plasmid. plasmids are small circular pieces of DNA found in many bacteria. plasmids can freely move into bacterium cells and if we are able to insert the human DNA inside the plasmid then insert plasmid into a bacterium. To obatin the plasmids from the bacteria containing them, these bacteria frist had to be mixed with enzymes to dissolve their cell walls. then centrifuged so that large organelles e.g chromosomes small ones like plasmids would be seperated. restriction enzymes were used to slice open the the circular DNA making up the plasmid. sticky ends were added again but this time the nucleotide used to make them conatined cytosine guanine bases on their ends paired up. DNA ligase was then used to link the nucleotide backbone together so that the human insulin gene became part of tthe plasmid. this was the manufacture of recombinant DNA. Advantages of treating diabetes by human insulin There are a number of advantages of using the human insulin produced by genetically engineered bacteria: it is chemically identical to the insulin that would have been produced had they not been diabetic, so there is little chance of an immune response because it is an exact fit in the human insulin receptors in human cell surface membranes, it brings about a much more rapid response than pig or cow insulin, like natural human insulin, the duration of the response is much shorter than pig or cattle insulin, it overcomes problems related to the development of a tolerance to insulin from pigs or cattle, it avoids any ethical issues that might arise from the use pig or cattle insulin, for example, religious objections to the use of pig insulin or objections from vegetarians to the use of animal products. Benefits of gene technology Through gene technology, it is now possible to produce: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ genetically modified organisms for a specific purpose. Previously, such genetic change would have to be brought about by selective breeding which requires organisms to be of the same species (able to breed successfully together), takes many generations and involves transfer of whole genomes, complete with undesirable background genes. Gene technology is much faster and involves transferring one or few genes, which may come from completely unrelated organisms, even from different kingdoms. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ specific products, such as human insulin and human growth hormone, thereby reducing the dependence on products from other, less reliable sources, such as pig or cow insulin. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ reduce use of agrochemicals such as herbicides and pesticides since crops can be made resistant to particular herbicides, or can be made to contain toxins that kill insects à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ clean up specific pollutants and waste materials bioremediation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ potential for use of gene technology to treat genetic diseases such as cystic fibrosis (see below) and SCID (Severe Combined Immune Deficiency) as well as in cancer treatment. Hazards of genetic engineering Genes inserted into bacteria could be transferred into other bacterial species, potentially including antibiotic resistance genes and those for other materials, which could result in antibiotic resistance in pathogens, or in bacteria that can produce toxic materials or break down useful materials. Regulation is designed to minimise the risks of escape of such genes. There is little evidence that such genes have escaped into wild bacterial populations. Crop plants have, by their nature, to be released into the environment to grow, and many millions of hectares of genetically engineered crops, both experimental and commercial, are planted across the globe. So far, fears that they might turn out to be super-weeds, resistant to herbicides and spreading uncontrollably, or that their genes might transfer into other closely related wild species, forming a different kind of super-weed, or that they might reduce biodiversity by genetic contamination of wild relatives seem to have proved unfounded. A paper was published in Nature in 2001 showing that Mexican wild maize populations were contaminated with genes from genetically manipulated maize, but the methods used were flawed and subsequent studies have not confirmed this contamination, suggesting that the wild maize is not genetically contaminated. There is some evidence that Bt toxin, geneticially engineered into plants such as cotton and maize, whilst very effective in killing the targe t species, may kill other, desirable, insects such as bees and butterflies, and may also cause natural selection of Bt toxin resistant insects. Future events may show that such environmental risks are greater than they look at present. Food that is derived from genetically engineered organisms may prove to be unexpectedly toxic or to trigger allergic reactions when consumed. There is little reliable evidence that this has been so, but the risk remains. Food containing the expressed products of antibiotic resistance marker genes could be consumed at the same time as treatment with the antibiotic was occurring, which would potentially reduce the effectiveness of the treatment. No examples of this are known. social ethical implocations of genetic engineering ethics are set of rules set by people distinguishing between whats acceptable and whats not, between whats right and whats wrong. these ethics or rules change from a person to person depedning upon knowledge, experience, social influnce, religious influence etc. The social impact of gene technology is to do with its potential and actual impact of human society and individuals. In terms of social impact, gene technology could: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ enhance crop yields and permit crops to grow outside their usual location or season so that people have more food à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ enhance the nutritional content of crops so that people are better fed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ permit better targeted clean-up of wastes and pollutants à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ lead to production of more effective and cheaper medicines and treatments through genetic manipulation of microorganisms and agricultural organisms to make medicines and genetic manipulation of human cells and individuals (gene therapy) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ produce super-weeds or otherwise interfere with ecosystems in unexpected ways, reducing crop yields so that people have less food à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ increase costs of seed and prevent seed from being retained for sowing next year (by inclusion of genes to kill any seed produced this way) reducing food production à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ reduce crop biodiversity by out-competing natural crops so that people are less well fed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ damage useful materials such as oil or plastic in unexpected ways à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ cause antibiotics to become less useful and cause allergic reactions or disease in other unexpected ways The ethical impact is about the application of moral frameworks concerning the principles of conduct governing individuals and groups, including what might be thought to be right or wrong, good or bad. So in the context of gene technology, it is to do with issues of whether is right or wrong to conduct research and develop technologies, whether it is good or bad. Judgements may be that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It is good to conduct such research to develop technologies that might improve nutrition, the environment or health à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It is good to use the results of such research to produce food, to enhance the environment or improve health à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It is wrong to continue such research when the potential impact of the technology is unknown and many aspects of it remain to be understood. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It is wrong to use the results of such research even when the organisms are kept in carefully regulated environments such as sterile fermenters as the risks of the organisms or the genes they contain escaping are too great and unknown à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It is wrong to use the results of such research when this involves release of gene technology into the environment as once it is released it cannot be taken back the genes are self-perpetuating, and the risks that they might cause in future are unknown The social and ethical implications of gene technology are complex and relatively unfamiliar to people who are not scientists, including those involved in the media and in government. This complexity and unfamiliarity is the cause of considerable concern and debate. In considering the implications of gene technology the best approach is to avoid the general (e.g. avoid it is bad to play God) and stick to the specific and balanced (e.g. it is possible to increase food crop yields with gene technology so more people can be fed, but there is enough food already if it is properly distributed, so people should not be forced to eat products with unknown risks).

The Charge :: essays research papers

PrologueThis short story is about the impressions of a soldier just before he is thrown into the hell of battle. The date of the battle is of no consequence. These thoughts have no doubt come down through eons of man’s history. From the cave man to the space stations of tomorrow these thoughts will live forever.*****War’s face never changes. Men converge on diametric edges of a field. Whether corn, wheat, or just a meadow blanketed in wild flowers, the arena has never matter. The men on each shoulder of the field necessitated the charge. The leaders have decided the field must be acquired. The question that consistently comes to my mind is why. I have battled numerous times and have never seen victorious armies inhabit the conquered field. Never have I seen advantage made from bloodshed.The only resource needed to make a charge, in battle, is heart. If a man doesn’t have the heart, a charge is not in him. Many say courage is what you need, but that is not so. You can have a Lion’s courage, but if lacking heart, courage will run dry, heart is everlasting.The men around me I know have heart, and for that I thank the All Mighty. I’ll not have to look for them, because they will be right at my side when the time comes. These men have shown their heart in many clashes for me to distrust them now. We have been told that only a few of us will return, but in a charge that is understood. To charge an enemy, you sense from the beginning you will not survive. That isn’t the question which will last after all is done. They will only ask, ‘did he die well’. I can see the sun rising. The time is nearing for us to do our duty. ‘Duty for country, duty for flag, but above all, duty for our comrades’ is the soldier’s motto. The man next to you is your country, flag, and brother.We all know this day is to be a challenge to our friendship. There are times when I think I may turn to cowardice, but then I look at my friends and know that cannot be.I always am, I’ve always been, and I will always be, because humanity needs me. The captain has just called roll and we are all here as we’ve always been.

Broken Rites in Hamlet

In order to understand the role of the rites in Hamlet, one must conceptualize the ritual. The rites in Hamlet concern mainly marriage, mourning and funeral. It is crucial to distinguish their specific nature to detect how they participate in the tragedy. Arnold van Gennep identified and elaborated in his works that birth, puberty, marriage and death are the principal changes in life of an individual and that of the society. He defined and qualified them in the book of the same name as The Rites of Passage (Van Geppen).Every passage understands the successive phases of separation, liminality and re-corporation in order to allow the emotional adaptation of an individual to the transition. The transition can be particulary dangerous for the concord of the social life as its cataclysmal habitual order. Since the rites of passage are designed to avoid the possible disturbance when regulating each changing in the society, the broken rites of passage concieve the impetus for the desintegra tion.In the course of this effort to disclose the extent of the broken rites in Hamlet of how it can affect on disjonction in the play, I will analyse them as the very motor of the tragic in the play. The investigation of the broken rites in Hamlet as those that became infallible when taking in consideration the socio-cultural pecularities of the historical period of the 16th and early 17th centuries. The Plague and also the Protestant movement resulted in the abolishment of the funeral rites that could be the last and only possible defence against the all powerful, inexorable death.In the sequel, the deep and extreme human anxiety before the death rose. In the work of Michael Neil, The Issues of Death: Mortality and Identity in English Renaissance Tragedy, he made apparent how the loss of the ritual is connected with the loss of the identity. In these terms, the investigation of the broken rites is particularly relevant for the reconsideration of Hamlet because many inerpreters of the work have focused on Hamlet's character as the central axis of the tragedy (Coyle). In choosing to focus on rites, one gets a more complex understanding on what occurs in the play and how theproblematical interaction between cultural expectations and individual tendencies are tragically intertwined. Exploring the substance of the broken rites in Hamlet which explicitly stands for unmasking and accusation of the order based on the lies throw the new light upon the mechanism of the tragedy. PART I: Broken Rites as the Starting Point of the Tragic Impulse. The play is obsessed with death. Its very exposition is marked by mortal events: the old King of Denmark kills the old King of Norway, the majesty of buried Denmark (1. I. I.48) appears as a Ghost. However, the starting point of the tragic impulse is asserted by the broken rites of the funeral and marriage. The mirth in funeral and dierge in mariage/In equal scale weighing delight and dole (2. I. 2. 12). It is consequentially imp ortant to conceive that these two broken rites serve for the determinant in the inner disintegration of Hamlet. The dead King, Old Hamlet did not receive the proper mourning, due to him, hence the narration chain of his memory is broken. Especially when in a very short time, his wife marries his brother.Two months dead-nay not so much, not two A little month, or ere those shoes were old, With which she followed my poor father's body†¦ a beast that wants discourse of reason Would have mourned longer-married with my uncle My father's brother†¦ the salt of most unrighteous tears†¦ incestuous sheets!(I. 2. 138-154) â€Å"No windy suspiration of forced breath, /No, nor the fritful river in the eye, /Nor the dejected havior of the visage†( I. 2. 79-81). Hamlet is alone to â€Å"give these mourning duties to your father† ( I. 2. 88) and to be dressed in black, while the rest of the court-including the queen-are already in the â€Å"remembrance of ourselvesâ₠¬  ( I. 2. 7 ) by admitting with pleasure the changes of hierarchy and moral behavior that Claudius institutes: â€Å"The funeral baked meats/Did coldly furnish forth th emarriage tables† ( I. 2. 180-181).The origin of the tragic must be detected properly. To do this, it is helpful to refer to Steiner's definition of tragedy which is defined as â€Å"the tragic personage is broken by forces which can neither be fully understood, nor overcome by rational prudence†¦ Tragedy is irreparable† (Dollimore). The irreparable begins with the irreparably broken rites of the funeral and marriage of Hamlet’s parents, the King and Queen of Denmark that Hamlet assumes on his own. Therefore before learning the truth from the Ghost, which will turn the tragedy into a revenge, the tragedy is set already.Before learning the truth , the hero's self is disjointed : O that this too too solid flesh would melt, /thaw and resolve itself into a dew,/Or that the Everlasting had not fixed/His canon ‘gainst self-slaughter†¦ ( I. 2. 129-133). Some historical facts are necessary to evoke in order to understand the whole picture of the tragedy. Funeral and mourning rites were substantial in the Elizabethan period maingly in order to maintain the social order and the psychological defense against mortality (Tylliard).The Plague had brought in the brutal abolishment of funeral rites wherein the mass burials of all classes have no distinction in common pits without any hierarchy. The denial of the purgatory by Protestants resulted into â€Å"a painfully private apocalypse,† placing the deceased â€Å"beyond our help† (Neil). The tormenting thoughts that death strikes anyone at any moment and that â€Å"a king may go a progress through the guts of beggar† (4. 3. 30) roused extreme anxiety on the issues of death. This anxiety has developed into a profound meditation on mortality and identity.That is why the melancholic character Hamlet ha d always â€Å"his eyes turned into his very soul. † The certitude of anything, the balance were beyond any human power or will and hence any change seemed even more tormenting. The marriage to a deceased husband's brother was forbidden by the Church, whether Catholic or Protestant (Shakespear). Claudius introduces the unnatural marriage by the shift from our â€Å"sometimes sister† to â€Å"wife† ( I. 2. 8-14). Therefore it is an already irreparably broken marriage rite before learning that Gertrude was seduced and then committed adultery in the sacred marriage.The role of the rites of passage is to guarantee the smooth adaptation to change. But Hamlet was stuck in the phase of limination even before learning the truth from the Ghost. His limination phase was his mourning. He was between the live and the death, where the death was the material category. The impossibility of his passage out of mourning was reinforced by the fact that he already mentioned that he is the only mourned, hence twicely isolated. The phase of re-incorporation to the world of the dead is the most significant in the funeral rite (Van Geppen 210).Assurance was not given to Old Hamlet, as there was no separation and liminality. Separation: he was honored no relief, no purification: â€Å"Cut off even in the blossoms of my sin,/Unhouseled, dis-appointed, unaneled, /No reckoning made, but sent to my account/With all my imperfections on my head. † Limination: no proper mourning. In the sequel, The King Hamlet was not re-incorporated and that is why he appears as a Ghost. He is ineffectual to reach â€Å"the country from wich nor traveller returns†( 3. 1. 80-81).Horatio's words about the Ghost seem unrelevant at first reading but in reality they are important for the perception of the tragedy structure. â€Å"What if it tempt you toward the flood, my lord,/Or to the dreadful summit of cliff†¦ Which might deprive your soveregnty of reson/and draw you i nto madness? †( 1. 4. 48-53) The individuals that were not accorded with the proper funeral rites could never integrate into the world of the dead. This kind of dead was particularly dangerous as they were trying to penetrate there at the expense of the living beings. Usually they were marked by the desire of vengeance (Van Geppen 229-230).The passage out the liminality is possible only through the successful re-incorporation (Van Geppen 211). Can King Hamlet be re-incorporated if Hamlet revenges? Or does the chase to repair forever broken store the true mousetrap for the hero himself? The same the re-incorporation phase of mariage is never re-incorporated by Hamlet. His mother not only reintegrated in the social life, but she lives her new marriage in the amplitude of plaesures. Having been re-incorporated by others, the rite of marriage does not concern the court as it concerns Hamlet.The latter has not passed through the phases and that is why he finds himself ruptured from society. To reconstitute the inverted natural order of things, Hamlet must restore the broken chain of narration. His father must be remembered and Claudius must be punished. PART II Sleeping Dog But what restoring the memory that is restoring the broking rites inserts for the hero? Is his invocation for a retribution a possibility to reahibilitate the former natural order or is it a course towards an inevitable tragic end? One of the hero's attempts to restore the memory is the introducing of the Moustrap.The broken rites' great instigation of the unnatural is contrasting with the situation in the speech on Priam's slaughter. He maternity†¦ and for a robe,/About her lank and fall o'er-teemed loins, A blanket in th'alarum†¦ (2. 2. 498-99), wouild have made milch the burning eyes (2. 2. 508) is opposed to Gertrude's adulltry unrighteous tears( 1. 2. 155). Hecube mourning was so intense that the death or the Fortune's Wheel would treason have pronounced (2. 2. 502). It stre ssed the potent power of the rite. When the rite is devoutly respected, it can accomplish the miracles.After his successful attempt to reveal the truth, Hamlet does not kill Claudious during his attempt to pray because he must ensure the bad phase of separation for him and not to â€Å"send him to heaven. † He must be killed in â€Å"the blossom of his sin† as Old Hamlet to get stuck in the tormenting limination phase. Trying to resrore the irrepareble broken rites by restoring the memory of his father, the hero has desperately condemened to the tragic end. The atonement of the obscure past is impossible without the occurence of new tragic events. As a consequence, the individual crisis of Hamlet was becoming more contradictive and more tormenting.The successive broken rites were reperpetuted throughout the play: the Rosencrantz and Guildenstern deaths, the â€Å"hugger-mugger† way of Polonius burial which causes the disjunction in the minds of his children. It is relevant here to mark that Ophelia suffered quite the similar inner disintegration issued from the broken rites than that of Hamlet. Her father's death was insultingly dishonorable. The marriage that she prepared was abolished and hence, she can only be analyzed as stuck in the phase of the liminality. The songs in her madness speak out: â€Å"Larded with sweet flowers, /Which bewept to the grave did not go /With true-love showers.† â€Å"You promised me to wed†¦. Stricktly speaking, the death of innocent Ohelia is provoked by these two broken rites introducing a new variotion on â€Å"mirth in funeal and dierge in marriage:† â€Å"I thought thy bridebed to have decked, sweet maid† (5. 1. 154). The inexorable insistence on the irreparable collapse caused by the broken rites works up the tragedy. So considering Ophelia's death â€Å"doubtful,† the priest deprieves her from the correct obsequious rites: â€Å"Yet here she is allowed her virgin rit es†¦ †( 5. 1. 222); Hamlet: â€Å"And such maimed rites? This doth betoken/ The corpse they follow did with desp'rate hand† ( 5. 1. 209-210).Moreover, one of the Clown concludes that â€Å"if this had not been a gentlewoman, she have been buried out of Christian burial† (5. 1. 23-24). Ophelia's tragic accompined by the tokens of floral innocence end seems to be one of the most dramatic and the ambigues quarrel of Hamlet and Laertes on her coffin only exacerbates the task of restoring the rememberance. Claudious is speculating on the rite of mourning, when inciting Laertes agaings Hamlet. Was your father dear to you? /Or are you like the painting of sorrow,/A face without a heart? ( 4. 7. 95-96). The rite stakes in the sort: â€Å"To cut his throat i'th'church† ( 4. 7. 103).PART III: The effect on the identity or how the broken rites change the perception of life Exploring the anxieties and in particular the anxieties concerning the funeral and mournin g rites, the play is imminently influenced by the memento mori traditions. Making apparent the similitude of the skulls in the scene with the grave-diggers, Hamlet broods on the subject of death. The tragic emphasis intensified when unwillingly but opportunately the grief of Ophelia's death was fractured by the joking with the Yourick skull: â€Å"Now get you to my lady's chamber, and tell her, let her paint and inch thick, to this favor she must come.Make her laugh at that†( 5. 1. 184-185). And accordingly if addressed to the living this joke would have brought rather melancholy than joy. Melancholy emerges with the awareness of the loss of a geocentric and athropocentric universe, the loss of the centre. In this mesh, â€Å"the melancholic finds the opportunity to re-centre himself† (Curti 156-157). Hamlet is trying to reconstitute himself through the restoration of the rememeberance which became his obsession. In the last scenes of the play, Hamlet was getting more and more aware of the imporance of the a good death also for himself.The issue of the suicide was left aside in the first two acts. Hamlet percieved that the good end may be guaranteed by noone, but oneself. â€Å"Readiness is all† (5. 2. 169). This equivocal statement accounts also for the excuses that Hamlet presents to Laertes before his possible end. â€Å"The soldiers' music and the rites of war/ Speak loudly for him† (5. 2. 352-53) can not truely be appease the initial disjointing of time and state. Even if the solemn obsequious march that ends the play indemnify on a certain level the lack of the accomplished rite, Fortinbras is a foreigner and the former enemy who had taken the rule in his hands.The cost of this â€Å"truly delivered† ( 5. 2. 338) restoration of a piece of memory is the tragic end of the whole kindom. Conlcusion Exploring the role of the broken rites in Hamlet as the motor of the tragic in the play cannot be a delusion, but is a broad fi eld of research of the precision in the approaches of the understanding of the tragedy. Alternatively, from the very broken cemectries of Caesar's Rome and to the groteskly solemn funeral rites on Hamlet's honor, the broken rites are confirmed to possessan an eldritch power to affect on the social as well as on the individual.Proving their susceptibility to unremitting reproduction of the new broken rites that bind us towards a more sophisticated account of the mechanism of the emergence of the successive tragic impulses in the play, the critical reading of the play from the broken rites axis. Bearing in mind the social and cultural context of the 16 th and early 17th centuries and in particular the memento mori and the arts of death traditions, the play does not impend the remorseless broken rites to gratify the tragedy. Works Cited Coyle, Martin. Hamlet. UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 1992.Curti, Lidia. Female Stories, Female Bodies. Narrative identity and Representation. New York: Macmi llan Press, 1998. Dollimore, Jonathan. Radical Tragedy: Religion, Ideology and Power in the Drama of Shakespeare and his Contemporaries. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1984. Neil, Michael. Issues of Death: Mortality and Identity in English Renaissance Tragedy. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed. G. R. Hibbard. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1987. Tylliard, Eustace M. W. The Elizabethan World Picture. US: Penguin, 1990. Van Geppen, Arnold. Les Rites de Passage.

Management and welfare The WritePass Journal

Management and welfare INTRODUCTION Management and welfare , the Home Office revealed that it has committed to providing an additional 400,000 pounds a year for three years to improve the services to support young people under 18 suffering sexual violence and exploitation. As the funding is open to all, my task would be to send in the aforementioned action plan and proposal and request funding for Make a Difference Home (Home Office, 2012). The next critical step will be approaching and aiming to work in partnership with local charities, voluntary and community organisations, the NHS, Community Safety Partnerships and families and communities. This will require two months of work. For example, Women’s Aid, a national charity which has a network of over 900 domestic and sexual violence services across the UK will be the first port of call. I will also set up a meeting with the managers behind the â€Å"White Ribbon Campaign†Ã‚   which is a global campaign that ensures that men take more responsibility for reducing the level of violence against women. A collaboration with these local services and charities would also represent an effective means of recruiting volunteers and health care workers to perform various roles in Make a Difference home. There are a number of resources that will be needed to carry out each of these tasks. For example, I will need access to a database of charities and initiatives working towards alleviating the stresses caused by domestic violence. I hope to gain this access following registration with the CQC and permission by the Council. I will also need to print a detailed proposal and flyers that can be distributed across other charities. This will require a number of trips to a printing service. Following the completion of these tasks over six-months, there will be a three month review period for Make a Difference home to monitor progress and ensure our aims are being met. CONCLUSION There is no doubt that there are a number of challenges associated with setting up a residential home for victims of domestic violence. Slow processing of applications, need for adequate funds, difficulties in setting up meetings and time constraints may all play a role at some point during our project. It is for this reason that a supportive and committed team is absolutely essential. It is important that in our team, our roles are not set, but can interchange so that we are constantly supporting each other. In conclusion, I am confident that the Make a Difference home holds great potential in alleviating the pain that victims of domestic violence suffer and I have high hopes for its success in the future. References Home Office (2012) Crime: Young people’s advocate on sexual violence and exploitation. Working Paper. National Center for Injury Prevention and control, 2003. Costs of intimate partner violence against women in the United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (2003). Royal College of Nursing (RCN), 2010. Consultation on Care Quality Commission Reviews 2009/10. [Viewed on 24th April 2012]. Available from rcn.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/290216/CQC_Strategy_2010_2015.pdf Shipway, L. 2004. Domestic Violence: A Handbook for Health Professionals,

10 Most Exciting Outdoor Blogs

10 Most Exciting Outdoor Blogs Are you in love with wide open spaces? Are you always in for a bit of adventure? If you answered yes to either of these questions, these ten excellent outdoor blogs may be for you. The Big Outside This website/blog, curated by a long-time outdoor enthusiast Michael Lanza, is a wealth of information, not just about wilderness adventures, but about wilderness adventures with children. Michael is a family man and has a unique perspective on adventuring with humans whose age hasn’t cracked the single digits yet. This website has plenty of the standard outdoor fare gear reviews, trips and adventures, advice – but it’s the family adventures section that really sets it apart. thebigoutside.com US Outdoor Blog The USOutdoor.com blog is a unique collection of tips articles by the staff of the U.S. Outdoor Store in Portland, Oregon. But rather than being just a place where everything is lumped together, the USOutdoor.com blog is broken into categories to make it easy to find what you’re looking for. Interested in camping? Click on the â€Å"We Camp† link. Does climbing get your engine going? Check out the â€Å"We Climb† section. Need advice on clothing? â€Å"We Wear† is where you want to be. Hiking? Riding (as in snowboarding)? Skiing? Surfing? Yep, there’s a link for that. blog.usoutdoor.com Outdoor Alliance Though the suffix on this website (.org) might give you some idea as to its purpose, its mission statement says it all: â€Å"†¦to protect, enhance, and promote the human-powered outdoor recreation experience by uniting the voice of outdoor enthusiasts to conserve America’s public lands.† OutdoorAllicance.org brings together the likes of American Whitewater, American Canoe Association, Access Fund, International Mountain Bicycling Association, Winter Wildlands Alliance, and the Mountaineers with the goal of protecting public lands. The blog also provides the outlook for various outdoor adventures. outdooralliance.org Love the Outdoors A back-to-basics website (format, not living off the land) with a wealth of information for all your outdoor adventure needs. Though its not full of pictures and vivid Internet bells and whistles, it offers plenty of advice on everything from beginning mountain biking to avoiding wildlife habitat when finding a campsite and freshwater fishing. lovetheoutdoors.com The Planet D ThePlanetD.com is another unique perspective on the outdoor/adventure lifestyle. Long-married couple Dave and Deb left their jobs in the Toronto Film Industry to start a life of adventure and travel. Experience round-the-world adventures through their eyes. theplanetd.com Mr And Mrs Adventure Newly-married couple Drew and Brittany left behind their California lives to travel far and wide, experience adventure, and live in a van (not down by the river). MrAndMrsAdventure.com is another unique perspective amidst the mass of outdoor websites. What are the challenges of being married and constantly on the road? This site is filled with great advice on living the nomadic life and finding adventure wherever you are. mrandmrsadventure.com The Campsite Blog A foray into the spiritual as well as the outdoors. TheCampsiteBlog.com is all about creative ideas that spur adventure, travel experiences, and subjects of conversation and debate. To quote the blog itself: â€Å"The Campsite is all about sharing and learning from one another just as we would sitting around that cozy campfire.† But TheCampsiteBlog.com is about more than just finding yourself outdoors (and yes, there is a double meaning in â€Å"finding yourself†), its â€Å"In The Backpack† section provides a wide range of articles that will help you in your journey into yourself and into the wilderness. thecampsiteblog.com Dirtbag Darling A great resource for the outdoor adventure lifestyle from former surf-magazine editor Johnie Gall. The site is organized by activity (water, land, snow) and places (east coast, west coast, mid-west, south international) and includes how-to guides, gear reviews, a journal, and a section entitled, â€Å"Defenders of Fun†. An interesting site with advice and musings from a girl who’s not afraid to live in a van. dirtbagdarling.com Adventure Filled An adventure-filled blog from adventure enthusiast Laurie Tewksbury. AdventureFilled.com has the usual gear reviews and how-tos for the outdoor adventurer but it also has some unique perspectives about life and love (of the outdoors). Check out â€Å"52 in 52† about Laurie’s goal of achieving 52 hikes in 52 weeks or â€Å"How to Keep Adventuring When Life Gets in the Way†. adventurefilled.com Just a Colorado Gal A blog about life and living outdoors (not literally but as much as possible). Blog writer Heather chronicles her adventures around the world, touches on the standard topics of gear and various forms of outdoor activities, and throws in some perspectives on health, fitness, and the state of being away from civilization. justacoloradogal.com So whether you’re new to the lifestyle or a long time adventure-seeker, you’d be hard pressed to go wrong with any of these excellent outdoor blogs.

Facilitate Adult Learning Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Facilitate Adult Learning - Coursework Example Conflict entails the clash between two forces, because of different expectations, beliefs and needs. In classroom situation, conflict represents incivility. This explains intentional behavior by students to negatively interfere with the learning or teaching process of others. Hence conflict manifests itself in several ways between various parties; for instance, class versus teacher, student versus teacher and student versus student. This paper illustrates three conflict scenarios. Firstly, conflict arises when student(s) contiguously challenges the authority and knowledge of the instructor; for example, inappropriately describing the abilities of the instructor. Secondly, conflict takes place when the student deliberately affect the classroom; for instance, participating in leisure discussions or being unprepared. Thirdly, conflict occurs when a student is impolite; for instance, insulting other students (Johnston, 2010). There are several explanations to the conflict situation in the classroom. This reasons are; increased diversity of the student body, increased emotional issues among the huge number of students, increased success pressure, and the perception that education involves business transaction; hence they pay to achieve higher grades (Johnston, 2010). Students are not solely responsible for the conflict in the classroom. Studies have shown that instructors contribute significantly towards students’ incivility. For instance, an instructor who communicates ineffectively or inappropriately with students is more likely to experience disputes or heated disagreements. Also, an instructor who does not establish proper learning environment, may encourage display of resistance or arrogance by students. For instance, being unprepared. Teachers can apply various techniques so as to minimize occurrence of conflict in the classroom. These techniques are; completing class inventory, having a classroom discussion, creating a

Wall street journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Wall street journal - Essay Example market share as well as attempt to keep the sales in China rolling if the company is to be able to attain its goal of selling eight million units. Both the two company executives will continue to the company’s Chief Executive Mark Fields (Ramsey, 2014). Since his appointment to operations in 2010, Mr. Odell has been instrumental in crafting a restricting effort that has resulted in an 18% reduction the company’s operating capacity as well as the closure of three plants in a region where the closure of plants is acknowledged to be rather difficult. Although Ford’s European sales and market share are noted to be up this year, of concern is that the decline of the Russian economy has largely prevented the company from earning any revenue in that country. Mr. Farley who is considered as Mr. Mulally’s first major hire was brought into the company in 2006 and has since been crucial in effecting Ford’s turnaround. He is reputed as having helped in pushing the move by Ford to sell some of the relatively pricier vehicle versions such as the Titanium time line. He is also recognized as having played a major role in improving the company’s involvement in social media and a range of other nontraditional marketing avenues before this became commonplace across the entire industry. The swap is expected to help both company executives to significantly broaden their experience (Ramsey, 2014). Ramsey (2014) also points out that according to analysts, it is thought that there was a push by Mr. Farley try and do something else. This is because the issue in Europe has been identified as being not so much as bout marketing as Ford has a relatively strong market presence in that region. It is primarily about the market. This does not mean that Mr. Farley will not be able to succeed, however Europe has been an extremely difficult place. Although the European restructuring designed by Mr. Odell is